STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS: CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

In any industrial endeavour co-operation of labour and capital is quite essential for its success, although they have interests contrary to each other. They have different strategies and weapons to ventilate their grievances and safeguard their interests. These democratic weapons often used by them are strikes and lockouts. Just as strike is a weapon available to employees for enforcing their industrial demands, a lockout is a weapon available to the employer to persuade by a coercive process to see his point of view and to accept his demands. In the struggle between capital and labour, as the weapon of strike is available to labour and is often used by it, so is the weapon of lockout available to the employer and can be used by him.
Strike: Strike is one of the oldest and the most effective weapons of labour in its struggle with capital for securing economic justice. The basic strength of a strike lies in the labour's privilege to quit work and thus brings a forced readjustment of conditions of employment. It owes its origin to old English words 'Striken to go'. In common parlance it means hit, impress, occur to, to quit work on a trade dispute. The later meaning is traceable to 1768. Later on it varied to 'strike of work'. The composite idea of quitting work or withdrawal of work as a coercive act could be gathered in the use of word as a verb as well as adjective. The definition and use of the word 'strike' has been undergoing constant transformation around the basic concept of stoppage of work or putting of work by employees in their economic struggle with capital.
The term 'strike' has been defined in a wide variety of branches of human knowledge, viz., etymology, sociology, political economy, law and political science.
Strike has been defined in Section. 2(q) of the Industrial Disputes Act as under:-
"Strike means a cessation of work by abody of persons employed in any industry acting in combination, or a concerted refusal, or a refusal under a common understanding, of any number of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment".
The analysis of the definition would show that there are the following essential requirements for the existence of strike:

• There must be cessation of work.
• The cessation of work must be by a body of persons employed in any industry.
• The strikers must have been acting in combination.
• The strikers must be working in any establishment which can be called industry within the meaning of section. 2(j).
• There must be concerted refusal.
• Refusal under a common understanding of anyy number of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment.
• They must stop work for some demands relating to employment, non-employment or the terms of employment or the conditions of labour of the workmen. 

Ingredients of strike:

1. Cessation of work: This is the most important characteristic of strike. It has been variedly expressed as 'abandonment', 'stoppage', 'omission of performance of duties of their posts', 'hampering or reducing normal works', 'hinerance to the working or suspension of work, discontinuing the employmentor breaking their contract of service or refusing or failing to return to or resume employment or refusing or failing to accept engagement for any work which they are usually employed for. Thus what is required for strike is that there must be stoppage of work or there must be refusal to continue to work or to accept employment by any number of personsemployed for the work but the refusal must be concerted or under a common understanding. The cessation of work may take any form. It must, however, be temporary and not forever and it must be voluntary. No duration can be fixed for this. If the cessation of work is as a result of renunciation of work or relinquishment of the strikers' status or relationship, it is not srike. Permanent cessation of work would result in termination of the contract of work which is alien to the underlying sanction of strike retaining contractual relationship during the strike periods. Cessation of work is not a cessation of contract of employment.
2. Concerted action: Another important ingredient of strike is a concerted action. The workers must act under a common understanding. The cessation of work by a body of persons employed in any industry in combination is a strike. Thus in strike it must be proved that there was cessation of work or stoppage of work under a common understanding or it was a concerted action of the workers or there was cessation of work by workers acting in combination. Stoppage of work by workers individually does not amount to strike. The concerted refusal or refusal under a common understanding to continue to work or to accept employment or to resume work by any number of persons is a strike. One thing must be kept in mind that the refusal of work means refusal to perform duties which the workers are required to perform. If the workers are at liberty to do a particular work or not to do work their refusal to work does not amount to strike. For example, over-time work, if it is the duty of workers to do overtime work necessarily because it is the practice of that establishment to take overtime work from the workers in that case refusal to work overtime would amount to strike otherwise not. Thus the test to determine whether refusal to do overtime work constitutes a strike or not would depend upon whether overtime was habitually worked in that industry.

The strike is illegal

1. if it is in breach of contract of employment.
2. if it is in public utility services.
3. if notice under section. 22(1) is not given.
4. if commenced during award or settlement period.
5. if commenced during or within seven days of completion of conciliation proceedings.
6. if commenced during or within two months of completion of adjudicatory proceedings.

Lockouts
The use of the term 'lockout' to describe employer's instruments of economic coercion dates back to 1860 and is younger than its counterparts in the hands of workers, strike by one hundred years. Formerly the instrument of lockout was resorted to by an employer or group of employers to ban union membership: the employers refused employment to workers who did not sign a pledge not to belong to trade union. Later the lockout was declared generally by a body of employers against a strike at a particular work by closing all factories until strikers returned to work. India witnessed lockout twenty-five years after the lockout was known and used in the area of labour management relations in industrially advanced countries. The first known lockout was declared in 1895 in Budge Budge Jute Mills. Section. 2(1) defines the term lockout. However, the present definition is only a mutilated one. The term was originally and correctly defined in the Trade Disputes Act, 1929. From the definition given in the Trade Disputes Act, the present Act has taken the present definition but has only omitted the words "when such closing, suspension or refusal occurs in consequences of a dispute and is intended for the purpose of compelling those persons or of aid in another Employer in compelling persons employed by him to accept terms or conditions of, or affecting employment".
With the omission of these words, the present definition fails to convey the very concept of lockout. In Sri Ramchandra Spinning Mills V/s. State of Madras, the Madras High Court read the deleted portion in the definition to interpret the term lockout. According to the Court, a flood may have swept away the factory, a fire may have gutted the premises; a convulsion of nature may have sucked the whole place under ground; still if the place of employment is closed or the work is suspended or the employer refuses to continue to employ his previous workers, there would be a lockout and the employer would find himself exposed to the penalties laid down in the Act. Obviously, it shows that the present definition does not convey the concept of the term lockout.
Lockout, when legal 
The Act treats strikes and lockouts on the same basis; it treats one as the counter part of the other. Thus what holds good-bad; legal-illegal; justified-unjustified for strikes holds the same for lockout. As such, the provisions of the Act which prohibit the strike also prohibits the lockout.
The object and reasons for which the lockouts are banned or prohibited are the same for which strikes are banned or prohibited. It is because the employers and employees are not discriminated in their respective rights in the field of industrial relationship between the two. As such, lockout if not in conflict with Sections. 22 and 23 may be said to be legal or not legal. Sections. 24(1)(iii), 10(3) and 10A (4A) similarly controls the lockout. A lockout in consequence of illegal strike is not deemed to be illegal. But if lockout is illegal, Section. 26(2), 27 and 28 will come in operation to deal with the situation. The Act does not lay down any guidelines to settle the claims arising out of illegal lockout. The courts, therfore, have adopted the technique of apportioning the blame between the employer and employees. This once agian brings to the fore the concept of justfiability of lockout.
The Statutory Definiion:
Section. 2(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 defines 'lockout' to mean: The temporarary closing of employment or the suspension of work, or the refusal by an employer to continue to employ any number of persons employed by him. A delineation of the nature of this weapon of industrial warfare requires description of: (i). the acts which constitute it; (ii). the party who uses it; (iii). the party against whom it is directed; and (iv). the motive which prompts resort to it.
Prohibition of Lockout: 
In the similar circumstances the lockout has been prohibited in the public utitlity service. Section. 22(2) of the Act provides that no employer carrying on any public utility service shall lockout any of his workmen:

• without giving them notice of lockout as hereinafter provided, within six weeks befor locking out.
• within 14 days of giving notice.
• before the expiry of the day of lockout specified in any such notice as aforesaid.
• during the pendency of any conciliation proceedings before a conciliation officer and seven days after the conclusion of such proceedings.

 It makes clear that the employer has to comply with the same conditions before he declares lockout in his industrial establishment which the workmen are required to comply with before they go on strike. The conditions for both the parties are the same.

Conclusion:

India in the present context of economic development programmes cannot afford the unqualified right to the workers to strike or to the employer to lockout. compulsory arbitration as an alternative of collective bargaining has come to stay. The adoption of compulsory arbitration does not, however, necessarily mean denial of the right to strike or stifling of trade union movement. If the benefits of legislation, settlements and awards are to reach the individual worker, not only the trade union movement has to be encouraged and its outlook broadened but the laws have also to be tailored suitably. The existing legislation and judicial pronouncements lack breadth of vision. Indeed, the statutory definitions of 'strike' and 'lockout' have been rendered worse by a system of interpretation which is devoid of policy-oriented approach and which lays undue stress on semantics. The discussion of the concepts and definition of strike has sought to establish the legalistic consideration has frequently weighed with the court in interpreting and expounding the said statutory definition: We believe that emphasis on literal interpretation resulted in ignoring the ordinarily understood connotation of the term strike and in encouraging undesirable activity. We now pass on to acts which constitute strike. Unlike the Industrial Relations Bill, 1978 the three phrases used in the definition of 'strike' in IDA are not qualified by the expression 'total' or 'partial'. Further, they do not specifically take into account go-slow. The courts have accordingly excluded go-slow from the purview of 'strike'. However, the exclusion of go-slow from the ambit of 'strike' throws them open to the third party suits for damages.

Challapalli Srinivas Chakravarthy

H. No. 12-13-301/302, St. No. 9,

Lane. No. 1, Flat. No. 203, 

Satya Classic Apartments, 

Tarnaka, Secunderabad-500 017

Cell. No. 9985732397

Land Line No. 040-27000719.  

EFFICACY OF LORD'S NAME

Saint Thiagaraja asks in one of his compositions, "Where did you get this name Rama from", and himself provides the answer in the charanam stating that "the 'ma' is the life infusing syllable in the panchakshara mantra and, together with the 'ra', it symbolises the primordial sound. I prostrate at the feet of such men of wisdom who have realised this. Such is the efficacy of the name of the Lord who epitomised virtuous conduct in His manifestation. Yet people fail to pay heed to this profound philosophy exhibiting, instead, an unseemly interest in trivia.
It is not easy to launch on a path of spiritual yearning given the fact that our minds tend to wander in different directions; however, when we utter the name of the Lord the mind gets enchanted and focuses on the Supreme Being.
The Azhwars too emphasised the benefits of chanting His name. For, one is then in line with one's spiritual goal. The Mundaka Upanishad says that ceaseless individual effort alone will teach the desired result. Not the celestials, not even the Divine Mother, is exempt from this. When Lord Shiva was transfixed on Lord Rama's face and exuded devotion of unprecedented order. Dakshyayini was puzzled at Her Consort's reaction to a mere mortal.
Lord Shiva, aware that everyone has to work out the equation of the Supreme Being on his own, enjoined on her to resolve her dilemma, her delusions, by her own initiative. Dakshyayini resolved to test Rama by appearing in the garb of Sita; however, the Omniscient not only saw through the feeble deception by asking after her Shiva, but also offered ample roof of his maya. For, when a chastened Dakshyayini turned to retrace her steps to kailash she found that whichever direction she turned, she saw only the form of Lord Rama and Sita.
Dakshyayini had to live alone since Shiva refused to take her back. With each day seeming like an age, she decalred: "In the anguish of my heart, I pray to Rama who is hailed as the Lord of compassion, and of whom the vedas sing as the remover of distress". Events transpired as desired, and she found happiness in her next birth.  

THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.: Administration of justice is one of the essential functions of the state. The law and order within the state is maintained through the administration of justice and the citizens are made to realise the existence and the importance of the state. The administration of justice in reaching its present form passed through various stages. In the primitive society when a wrong was done against an individual, he had to resort to self-help and it was based on private vengeance.  

SPIRITUALITY

(1).HEARTFELT PRAYER GIVES SPIRITUAL SUSTENANCE

The impulse to pray is natural. What is important, however, is not the physical act of praying but the spiritual stateinduced by prayer. Brief and joyful prayer is superior to long, wearying prayer. Though prayer may help obtain specific material ends, it is more important to pray for conformity to the Will of God. The highest prayer is offered only out of love for God. There are many moments when we think: "God has established everything and executes all affairs after the best order. Therefore what is the wisdom in beseeching, supplicating and seeking help?" A seeker of bounty needs to beseech the Glorious Beautiful One. When you supplicate to the Lord and seek bounty from His Ocean, this supplication brings light to your heart, life to your soul and exultation to your being. During your supplication to God and your reciting, 'Thy name is my healing', consider how your heart is cheered, your soul delighted by the spirit of the love of God, and your mind attracted to the kingdom of God. By these attractions your ability and capacity increase. When the vessel is enlarged the water increases, and when thirst grows the bounty of the cloud becomes agreeable to the taste of man. If one friend feels love for another, he will wish to say so. Though he knows that the friend is aware that he loves him he will still wish to say so...God knows the wishes of our hearts. But the impulse to pray is a natural one, springing from your love for God. Prayer need not be in words, but rather in thought and attitude. However, if this love and desire are lacking, it is useless to try to force them. Words without love mean nothing. If a person talks to you as an unpleasant duty, with no love or pleasure in his meeting with you, you won't wish to converse with him. Worship God in such ways that if your worship leads you to the fire, no alteration in your adoration would be produced, and so likewise if your recompense should be paradise. This worship befits the one True God. Should you worship Him beacuase of fear, this would be unseemly in the sanctified court of His presence, and could not be regarded as an act by you dedicated to the Oneness of His Being. Or if your gaze should be on paradise, and you should worship Him while cherishing such a hope, you would make God's creation a partner with Him, notwithstanding the fact that paradise is desired by us. Fire and paradise both bow and prostrate themselves before God. That which is worthy of His essence is to worship Him for His sake, without fear of fire or hope of paradise. Although when true worship is offered, the worshipper is delivered from the fire, and enter the paradise of God's good pleasure, yet such should not be the motive of your act. However, God's favour and grace ever flow in accordance with the exigencies of His inscrutable wisdom. The most acceptable prayer is the one offered with utmost spirituality and radiance. The more detached and the purer the prayer, the more acceptable is it in the presence of God.

By,

C.S. Chakravarthy

H. No. 12-13-301, St. No. 9,

Lane. No. 1, Flat. No. 203,

Satya Classic Apartments,

Tarnaka, Secunderabad-500 017,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

Cell. No. 9985732397

Land Line. 040-27000719

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(2). ANGER MANAGEMENT.  

Anger is one word short of danger. People with short tempers are 

also vulnerable to heart related ailments. Anger could be triggered by stress, lack of sleep, crash diets and insufficient water intake. How can we reduce anger?

(1). Practice relaxation exercises and breathing techniques to calm the mind and body.

(2). Learn to resolve conflicts through effective communication minus outbursts.

(3). Use problem-solving techniques such as goal setting and time management to reduce stress levels.

(4). Eating well and at regular intervals helps to keep energy levels in check.

(5). Get at least 6 to 8 hours of sleep, so that you don't feel irritable and grouchy.

(6). Take a break when you are tired. This can help you rejuvenate.

(7). Keep yourself upbeat by indulging in a hobby.

(8). Compaartmentalise your work and personal lives.

(9). Nurture your support systems, like family and friends.

(10). Regular exercise helps to keep the mind and body fresh.

(11). Seek counselling for interpersonal conflicts.

(12). Be assertive instead of aggressive.

Strategies to control aggression:--

1. Accept that being angry is perfectly normal.
2. Identify your source/trigger of anger.
3. Shift your focus from 'what was done to me' to 'what I can do' ?
4. Create positive self-talk.
5. Identify your irrational beliefs.
6. Think of a more rational and adaptive plan of action.
7. Change thoughts that provoke anger, interpreting the situation from a different (less provocative) point of view.
8. Write down angry thoughts.
9. Focus on gratitude--make a list of things you are thankful for.

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BEAUTIFUL LIFE

"Beauty is necessary for humans. Without beauty we shrink. This shrinking is manifested in various 'civilisational' diseases in states of depression, apathy, hopelessness that jointly under-cut the roots of our existence", says eco-philosopher Henryk Skolimowski. Beauty is the expression of the coherence of life. Plotiums says that "the more beautiful the object, the more intensively does it exist". Poet Gabriela Mistral says that "beauty is the shadow of God on the universe".

People have been obsessed with beauty since the evolution of the universe. A living beiing is more beautiful than a non-living one. Beautiful and natural landscapes evoke beauty in the eyes of the beholder and convey the message of an intensive and vibrant life. Himalayan peaks topped with snow look enchanting as they convey the message of life's sustainability. A joy forever - Beauty evokes a host of emotions, too numerous to enumerate here. Suffice it to say that it is imperative for the enhancement of life; it is enchanting and demanding; creates attraction and attachment and generates love that explodes energy for creation. Since time immemorial, man has been obssessed with beautiful things, places and people. Whatever is beautiful is worth possessing. We can't seem to have enough of it and want to possess more and more. Beauty blooms with liveliness and hope.

We want to live among natural beauty too and are always looking for natural beauty in the landscape around us. Beauty is an inexhaustible source of joy and has the power of healing too. True beauty illuminates the soul. It is, in fact, food for the soul. 

The universe is so beautiful. Everything in this space is so enchanting, exciting and attractive. The Earth is a true beauty, the most beautiful planet in the whole universe. The universe has woven this beauty into its natural landscape through the evolution of life and the natural, physical changes it has undergone over millions of years.

The beautiful colours of nature are a reflection of divine light, a source of universal creativity.

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CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF SIKH GURUS

1. Shri. Guru Nanak Dev ji.
2. Shri. Guru Angad Dev ji.
3. Shri. Guru Amar Das.
4. Shri. Guru Ramdas.
5. Shri. Guru Arjan Dev ji.
6. Shri. Guru Hargobind ji.
7. Shri. Guru Har Rai ji.
8. Shri. Guru Harkrishan ji.
9. Shri. Guru Tegh Bahadur ji.
10. Shri. Guru Gobind Singh ji.
11. Shri. Guru Granth Sahib ji.

Shri. Guru Granth Sahib ji is the current sikh guru (the sikh holy book). 

LAW

CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY UNDER SECTION 120-A AND 120-B OF THE INDIAN PENAL CODE.
120-A. Definition of criminal conspiracy.- When two or more persons agree to do, or cause to be done-
(1). an illegal act, or 
(2). an act which is not illegal by illegal means, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy: 
Provided that no agreement except an agreement to commit an offence shall amount to a criminal conspiracy unless some act besides the agreement is done by one or more parties to such agreement in pursuance thereof. 
Explanation: It is immaterial whether the illegal act is the ultimate object of such agreement, or is merely incidental to that object.

Comment  

Ingredients of Criminal Conspiracy.- The ingredients of the offence of criminal conspiracy are (1). there must be an agreement between the persons who are alleged to conspire; (2). that the agreement should be (a). for doing an illegal act, or (b). for doing by illegal means an act which may not itself be illegal; and (3). in the case of a conspiracy other than a conspiracy to commit an offence there must be an overt act done by one or more of the parties to the conspiracy to effect the object thereof. A distinction is drawn between an agreement to commit an offence and an agreement of which either the object or the methods employed are illegal but do not constitute an offence. In the case of the former, the criminal conspiracy is completed by the act done by one or more of the parties to the agreement to effect the object thereof, that is, there must be an overt act. Criminal Consppracy as defined in Section. 120-A of the Indian Penal Code is an agreement by two or more persons to do or cause to be done an illegal act or an act wwhich is not illegal by illegal means. The agreement is the gist of the offence. In orderto constitute a single general conspiracy there must be a common design. Each conspirator plays his separate part in one integrated and united effort to achieve the common purpose. Each one is aware that he has a part to play in a general conspiracy though he may not know all its secrets or the means by which the common purpose is to be accomplished. The evil scheme may be promoted by a few, some may drop out and some may join at a later stage, but the conspiracy continues until it is broken up. The conspiracy may develop in successive stages. There may be a general plan to accomplish the common design by such means as may from time to time be found expedient. New techniques may be invented and new means may be devised for advancement of the common plan. A general conspiracy must be distinguished from a number of separate conspiracies having a similar general purpose. Where different groups of persons cooperate towards their separate ends without any privity with each other, each combination constitutes a separate conspiracy. The common intention of the conspirators then is to work for the furtherance of the common design of his group only. [Mohd. Husain Umar Kochra, etc. Vs. K.S. Dalipsinghji and another, etc. (1970) I S.C.J. 149]. The gist of the offence defined in Section. 120-A, Indian Penal Code, which is itself punishable as a substantive offence is the very agreement between two or more persons to do or cause to be done an illegal act or a legal act by illegal means subject however to the proviso that where thhe agreement is not an agreement to commit an offence the agreement does not amount to a conspiracy unless it is followed up by an overt act done by one or more persons in pursuance of such an agreement. There must be a meeting of minds in the doing of the illegal act by illegal means. If in the furtherance of the conspiracy certain persons are induced to do an unlawful act without the knowledge of the conspiracy or the plot they cannot be held to be conspirators, though they may be guilty of an offence pertaining to the specified unlawful act. The offence of conspiracy is complete, when two or more conspirators have agreed to do or cause to be done an act which is itself an offence, in which case no overt act need be established. It is also clear that an agreement to do an illegal act which amounts to a conspiracy will continue as long as the members of the conspiracy remain in agreement and as long as they are acting in accord and in furtherance of the object for which they entered into the agreement.[Lenart Schussler Vs. The Director of Enforcement, New Delhi, 1971 1 S.C.J. 199]. 

Illustration.- Where on the allegations in the complaint A-2 asked A-1 to help him in acquiring foreign exchange abroad legally and A-1 agreed to help him, the agreement though initially may not have been an offence was nonetheless an offence subsequently. A-1 did not withdraw from it and was said to have continued to carry out that agreement. A-1's help was necessary for A-2's design. It would, therefore, appear that on the allegations contained in the complaint A-1 and A-2 could be charged with an offence under Secton. 120-B read with Sections. 4(3), 5(1)(e) and 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. 
In Yash Pal Mittal Vs. The State of Punjab, 1978 Criminal Law Journal. 189 AIR 1977 SC 2433, their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed that the offence of criminal conspiracy under Section. 120-A is a distinct offence introduced for the first time in 1913 in Chapter. V-A of the Indian Penal Code. The very agreement, concert or league is the ingredient of the offence. It is not necessary that all the conspirators must know each and every detail of the conspiracy. There may be so many devices and techniques adopted to achieve the common goal of the conspiracy and there may be division of performances in the chain of actions with one object to achieve the common goal of the conspiracy and there may be division of performances in the chain of actions with one object to achieve the real end of which every collaborator must be interested. There must be unity of object or purpose but there may be plurality of means sometimes even unknown to one another, amongst the conspirators. In achieving the goal several offences may be committed by some of the conspirators even unknown to the others. The only relevant factor is that all means adopted and illegal acts done must be purported to be in furtherance of the object of the conspiracy even though there may be sometimes misfire or overshooting by some of the conspirators. Even if some steps are resorted to by one or two of the conspirators without the knowledge of the others it will not affect the culpability of those others when they are associated with the object of the conspiracy. The significance of criminal conspiracy under Section. 120-A is brought out pithily by the Supreme Court in E.G. Barsay Vs. The State of Bombay, AIR 1961, SC 1962, 1778, thus: "The gist of the offence is an agreement to break the law. The parties to such an agreement will be guilty of criminal conspiracy, though the illegal act agreed to be done has not been done. So too, it is not an ingredient of the offence that all the parties should agree to do do a single illegal act. It may comprise the commission of a number of acts. Under Section. 43 of the Indian Penal Code, an act would be illegal if it is an offence or if it is prohibited by law. Under the first charge the accused are charged with having conspired to do three categories of illegal acts, and the mere fact that all of them could not be convicted separately in respec of each of the offences has no relevancy in considering the question where the offence of conspiracy to do illegal acts though for individual offences all of them may not be liable." 
Conspiracy consists not merely  in the intention of two or more but in the agreement of two or more to do an unlawful act or to do an unlawful act by unlawful means. So long as a design rests in the intention only, it is not indictable. [Mulcahy Vs. Queen 1868 L.R. 4 H.L. 306, 317].            

GENERAL STUDIES

1. Sri Venkateshwara University in Tirupati was established in the year 1954.
2. The Naxalbari movement was started in the year 1967.
3. The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University was established on November 13, 1976.
4. The Prime Minister of India who esablished an agricultural university was Lal Bahadur Shastri.
5. The first Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minster of Andhra Pradesh were Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy and K.V. Ranga Reddy.
6. The idea of separate state of Andhra Pradesh originated for the first time at the Guntur Youth Literary Conference in 1903.
7. The first Andhra Maha Sabha was conducted at Jogipeta.
8. The capital city of Andaman and Nicobar islands, Port Blair is situated in Middle Andaman. 
9. The number of islands in Lakshadweep are 25.
10. The island of St. George is near Vasco-da Gama.
11. The capital city of Lakshadweep is Kawaratti.
12. The Muslim League was started by Dhaka Nawab Aga Khan, Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
13. The 'Hunter Commission' was established in 1919 to submit a report on Punjab unrest.
14. The book "Poverty and Un-British rule in India" was written by Dadabhai Naoroji.
15. The book "Ghulamgiri" was written by Jyotiba Phule.
16. Third Round Table Conference was held from Novemeber 7, 1932 to Novemeber 24, 1932.
17. Second Round Table Conference was held from November 7, 1931 to December 1931.
18. First Round Table Conference was held from November 12, 1930 to January 19, 1931.
19. The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British in the year 1919 on March 21.
20. The book 'why I am an atheist' was written by Bhagat Singh. 
21. 'National Technology Mission' was started in the year 1958. 
22. The public sector undertaking which was established during the implementation of the second five year plan was Bhillai Steel plant.
23. The National Development Council which takes the responsibility of planning and development was established in the year 1952. 
24. The Green Book is official publication of Italy and Japan.
25. Asia's first heart transplant operation in Mumbai was performed by Dr. P.K. Sen.
26. The official residence of the President of France is Elysee Palace.
27. The group of plants that is called 'amphibians of plant kingdom' are Bryophytes. An example of Bryophytes is Funaria. 
28. The father of Genetics is Mendel. He conducted hybridization experiments on pea plant and introduced laws of inheritance.
29. The author of 'A Bend in the River' was V.S. Naipaul.
30. The national flower of United Kingdom is Rose.
31. Rudyard Kipling said, "The female of the species is more deadly than the male".
32. The average adult male ostrich, the world's largest living bird, weighs upto 345 pounds. 
33. Actress Nandita Das directorial debut is Firaaq.
34. Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford.
35. The first woman to command a space shuttle mission was Eileen Collins.
36. A car travelling at 100 mph would take more than 29 million years to reach the nearest star.
37. The first coast-to-coast telephone line was established in 1914.
38. The name Bowenpally is derived from Bhuvanapalli. It is said to be named after the Chalukya King Trailokya Malla Bhuvaneswara of the 10th century. The State Archaeology Department found an inscription on a pillar which dated back to Chalukya times.
39. To an astronaut in the space-craft, the colour of sky appears to be black. 
40. The first Indian to play at Wimbledon Tennis Championship in 1908 was Sardar Nihal Singh. 
41. Christopher Columbus more than 500 yeaars ago discovered a beautiful island called Espanola (Hispaniola) in the Caribbean Sea. Today we know it as Haiti-Negro republic of West Indies.
42. The first man to land on the moon was Neil Armstrong. His lunar module, 'Eagle', loaded on the moon in the area known as Sea of Tranquility. 
43. A collector of walking sticks is called Rabdophilist.  
44. The "Oil and Natural Gas Commission" was set up in the year 1956.
45. The Prime Minister of India who did not face the Lok Sabha even once was Charan Singh.
46. The country which is called the "Island of Robots" is Japan.
47. The first Five Year plan was launched in 1951.
48. The Roman God of Love is Cupid.
49. The local name of Assam, a north-eastern Indian state is Ahom.
50. The mineral used in the manufacture of alluminium is Bauxite. 
51. After Britain, France and Belgium were the first two European countries to participate in the Davis Cup. 
52. The Federation Cup is the International women's tennis team event--the women's equivalent of the Davis Cup.
53. The Americans and the British originally played the Davis Cup (till 1903).
54. The official name of the Davis Cup is the International Lawn Tennis Challenge Trophy.
55. The Davis Cup is named after Dwight F. Davis who donated it.
56. The two oldes legal systems in the world are Hindu and Jewish.
57. India's longest bridge is the Mahatma Gandhi Setu at Patna (Bihar) is across Ganges river.
58. The author of the book "That Extra Half an inch: Hair, Heels and Everything in between" was Victoria Beckham. 
59. The management thinker who is known as Mr. Strategy and has developed the 3 C's model is Kenichi Ohmas.
60. Guarana drink made from a berry is from Brazil.
61. The film festival which is annually held on the Saharawi refugee camps in the south-west corner of Algeria is the International Sahara Film Festival.
62. The British think-tank New Economics Foundation conducts the Happy Planet Index to track the happiness index of nations. According to the study, vanuato is the happiest country on Earth. The least happiest is Zimbabwe. 
63. Kartar Singh Hitkari is known as a poet and scholar of Braj Bhasha. He has another claim to frame in Hindi literature. He is the father of Amrita Pritam. Hitkari guided the early literary career of Amrita Pritam.
64. The first city in India to get electricity is Bangalore in 1906. The first electric lamps were lit at the old city market building after the shivasamudram hydro electric station was established in 1902.
65. The word 'serendipity' came from the book "The Three Princes of Serendip", a fairy tale written in 1754. The author is Horace Walpole.
66. The phrase 'Naked Truth' has an interesting origin. It comes from a fable.: "Truth and Falsehood went swimming. Falsehood store clothes that Truth left on the bank, but Truth refused to wear Falsehood's clothes and went naked". 
67. Co-branding means using the same brand by two different companies.
68. Sales forecasting involves (a). Consumer interests, (b). Distribution channels, (c). Sales planning and (d). Pricing.
69. When the demand is more than supply, suppliers will sense the possibility of profit.
70. The process of distributing the original value of a long term asset over the years of its life is depreciation.
71. The white marble for the mines was acquired from Makrana mines in Rajasthan.
72. 'Pietra Dura' is inlay work on marble with precious stones.
73. The construction of the Taj was completed in 1654 according to the chronicles of a contemporary traveller called Traveller from France.
74. Akbarnama, the biography of Akbar was written by Abul Fazl. 
75. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was the autobiography of Jahangir.
76. Badshahnama is the biography of Shah Jehan.
77. The idea of Directive Principles has been borrowed from the Irish Constitution.
78. Aurangazeb ascended the throne in AD 1658 after imprisoning his father Shah Jehan.
79. Dadaji Kondadev was Shivaji's guide and teacher.
80. Shivaji proclaimed himself as 'Chatrapati' in AD 1674.
81. The council of eight minsters or ashtapradhan were the most important ministers in Shivaji's council.
82. Aurangazeb got a collection of Islamic laws compiled in a book entitled Fatwa-i-Alamgiri.
83. Jahangir's real name was Muhammad Sultan Salim.
84. Jahangir ascended the throne after his father Akbar's death in AD 1605.
85. The Sikh Guru, Arjun Dev was tortured to death for supporting Prince Khusrau.
86. The English East India Company was set up in AD 1600.
87. John Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were the English ambassadors who visited India during Jahangir's reign.
88. Khurram, he third son of Jahangir, assumed the title Shah Jahan in AD 1628.
89. The Dutch East India Company was set up in AD 1602.
90. Akbar ascended the throne at the age of 13 years.
91. Akbar's loyal Prime Minister Bairam Khan was divested of power by Akbar in AD 1560. 
92. The horse on which Rana Pratap escaped to the hills before launching war against the Mughals was Chetak.
93. Ain-i-Akbari, which deals with law and revenue system of the empire was written by Abul Fazl.
94. The founder of the Mughal dynasty in India was Babur.
95. Babur traced his antecedents to two great warrior tribes of Central Asia led by Timur and Chengiz Khan.
96. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in AD 1526.
97. Babur was born in AD 1483 in Farghana, a small principality in Central Asia.
98. Tuzuk-i-Baburi or the Baburnama is an autobiography of Babur.
99. Babur was a great scholar. The verse invented by him was Mubiyan.
100. Humayun, the son of Babur was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, who was earlier a general in Babur's army on 17th May, 1540. Thus the first reign of the Mughals came to an end. Humayun was defeated in the battle of Kannauj. 
101. Humayun reclaimed Delhi in 1555. He defeated Sikandar Shah Suri.
102. Pigeon-flying was a favourite sport of the Mughals. The term they used for it was Ishqbazi.
103. Mahmud of Ghazni was the son of Subktiyanno, a Turkish noble.
104. Mahmud of Ghazni patronised scholars like Al Beruni and Firdausi.
105. Firdausi wrote the great epic Shahnama.
106. Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a general under Mohammad Ghori.
107. Mohammed Ghori attacked India in AD 1175. He defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain in AD 1192 and occupied Delhi and Ajmer.
108. Mohammad Ghori defeated Jaichand, the ruler of Kanauj and annexed Kanauj in AD 1198.
109. The Slave Dynasty began with Qutub-ud-din's accession to the throne in AD 1206.
110. The famous book Tabaqat-i-Nasiri was written during the reign of Iltutmish by Minhaj-us-Siraj.
111. India's neighbour which got its independence from United Kingdom on 04-01-1948 is Myanmar (formerly Burma).
112. The French inventor of an eponymous worldwide reading and writing system used by the visually impaired people who was born on 04th January was Louis Braille.
113. The place in Tamil Nadu which is also referred to as Mayavaram is Mayiladutharai.
114. The most distant spacecraft from earth is Voyager I.
115. The trait which a Klein-Levin syndrome patient exhibits is excessive sleeping.
116. The world's largest mobile phone maker Nokia comes from Finland.
117. The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancun, Mexico.
118. The scientific name of Platypus is Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
119. The monarch whose execution which which led to the formation of Commonwealth of  England in the 17th century was Charles I.
120. The U. S. State which has the Union Jack in its flag is Hawaii.
121. Freddy Krugner is a despised villain from the film series "A Nightmare on Elm Street".
122. The Khalji dynasty was founded by Jalaluddin Khalji in AD 1290.
123. The last Khalji ruler was Khusrao Khan who was killed in AD 1320.
124. Ghias-ud-din Tughluq built a new city near Delhi, which was named Tughluqabad, after the dynasty.
125. Ghias-ud-din died in AD 1325, when the pavilion built for his reception by his son Jauna Khan collapsed.
126. Jauna Khan ascended the throne in AD 1325 and assumed the title Sultan Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
127. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri.
128. The Lodi dynasty was founded by Bahlul Lodi in AD 1451.
129. "Ali is greatest, but I am the latest." This statement can be attributed to Leon Spinks. He uttered these words when he defeated Md. Ali in one of the shocking results in the world boxing championship.
130. Christy has been suplying all the towels used during wimbledon championship since Christy is Welspun, the Indian textile company.
131. Jim Laker took 19 wickets against Australia in the famous Manchester test of 1956. The other wicket was taken by Tony Lock. He took the wicket of opener J.W. Burke.
132. The study of proverbs is called 'paremiology'. The name given to collection of proverbs is called Paremiography.
133. It is the only country where number of horses is more than population. Its capital city means 'Red Hero' in native language. The country is Mongolia. Its capital Ulan Bator means red hero. 
134. Richard Wagner wanted to produce an opera called 'Die Sieger' (The Victors), but he died before that. The opera was based on the life of Gautama Buddha.
135. The mistress of W.B. Yeats who changed her birth year from 1865 to 1866 out of embarrassment because her parents got married one day before her birth in 1865 was Maud Gonne.
136. Firoz Shah succeeded Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
137. The death of Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 against Babur brought the end of Lodi dynasty.
138. The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty.
139. Hampi was the capital of Vijayanagara Kingdom.
140. Mahmud Gawan was sentenced to death in 1481.
141. Red Fort was built by Shah Jahan.
142. The 29th State to formed in India is Delhi.
143. The first Parliament met in the year 1952.
144. The two sects of Jainism and Buddhism in India are Swetambara and Digambara.
145. The rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta belong to the period of Rashtrakutas.
146. The Sikh Guru who was executed by Aurangazeb was Guru Tegh Bahadur.
147. The famous Chinese pilgrim, Fahien, visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II.
148. Jainism became popular mainly because of its mitigation of evils of the 'varna' system.
149. The stupa at Sanchi was built by Ashoka.
150. The capital of Hoysalas was Dwarasamudram in Karnataka.
151. The great ruler of Sangama dynasty was Devarayulu II.
152. Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact.
153. RAPD stands for Random Amplification of Polymorphic D.N.A.
154. In Physics and Mathematics, singularity is defined as a point at which a complex function is undefined because it is neither differentiable nor single valued while the function is defined in every neighbourhood of the point.  
155. The early Vedic period was noted for agricultural civilisation.
156. Original name of Swami Dayananda was Mul Shankar.
157. The famous Siva Temple built by Raja Raja Chola is located at Tanjore.
158. Humayun died as a result of an accidental fall from the stair case.
159. Ilbert Bill was introduced during the time of Lord Rippon.
160. The first Indian to be selected for the Indian Civil Service was Satyendranath Tagore.
161. Lord Canning was the Governor General during the Revolt of 1857.
162. The combination of several millions of stars form Milky Way. It is also called Akasa Ganga.
163. On June 21st, the sun shines vertically over Tropic of Cancer.

CHRONOLOGICAL DATES OF INDIAN HISTORY

Stone Age (before 3,300 BCE)

Mehrgarh Culture (7,000-3300 BCE).

Indus Valley Civilisation (3,300-1,700 BCE).

Late Harappan Culture (1,700-1,300 BCE).

Ochre Coloured Pottery Culture (Second Millenium BCE).

Cemetary Harappan Culture (From 1,900 BCE).

Swat Culture (1,600-500 BCE).

Iron Age (1,200-180 BCE).

Vedic Civilisation (1,500-500 BCE).

Black and Red Ware Culture (1,300-1,000 BCE).

Painted Grey Ware Culture (1,200-600 BCE).

Northern Black Polished Ware (700-200 BCE).

Maha Janapadas (700-300 BCE).

Magadha Empire (684-424 BCE).

Nanda Empire (424-321 BCE).

Chera Empire (300 BCE-1200 BCE).

Chola Empire (300 BCE-1279 CE).

Pandyan Empire (300 BCE-1345 CE).

Maurya Empire (321-184 BCE).

Pallava Empire (250 BCE-800 BCE).

Sunga Empire (185-73 BCE).

Kanva Empire (75-26 BCE).

Kharavela Empire (209-170 BCE).

Kuninda Kingdom (200 BCE-3,000 CE).

Indo-Scythian Kingdom (200 BC-400 CE).

Satavahana Empire (230 BCE-220 CE).

Indo Greek Kingdom (180 BCE-10 CE).

Middle Kingdoms (1 CE-1,279 CE).

Indo-Parthian Kingdom (21-130 CE).

Western Satrap Empire (35-405 CE).

Kushan Empire (60-240 CE).

Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230-360 CE).

Vakataka Empire (250-500 CE).

Kalabhras Kingdom (250-600 CE).

Gupta Empire (280-550 CE).

Kadamba Empire (345-525 CE).

Western Ganga Kingdom (350-1,000 CE).

Kamarupa Kingdom (350-1,100 CE).

Vishnukundina Empire (420-624 CE).

Huna Kingdom (475-576 CE).

Rai Kingdom (489-632 CE).

Chalukya Empire (543-753 CE).

Harsha Empire (590-647 CE).

Shahi Kingdom (565-670 CE).

Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624-1075 CE).

Gurjara Pratihara Empire (650-1,036 CE).

Pala Empire (750-1,174 CE).

Rashtrakuta Empire (753-982 CE).

Paramara Kingdom (800-1,327 CE).

Yadava Empire (850-1,334 CE).

Solanki Kingdom (942-1,244 CE).

Western Chalukya Empire (973-1,189 CE).

Hoysala Empire (1,040-1,346 CE).

Sena Empire (1,070- 1,230 CE).

Eastern Ganga Empire (1,078-1,434 CE).

Kakatiya Kingdom (1,083-1.323 CE).

Kalachuri Empire (1,130-1,184 CE).

Muslim Period (1,100-1,800 CE).

Islamic Rulers (1,206-1,707 CE).

Delhi Sultanate (1,206-1,526 CE).

Deccan Sultanates (1,490-1,596 CE).

Vijayanagara Empire (1,336-1,646 CE).

Mughal Empire (1,526-1,803 CE).

Maratha Empire (1,674-1,818 CE).

Durrani Empire (1,747-1,823 CE).

Sikh Confederacy (1,733-1,805 CE).

Sikh Empire (1,799-1,849 CE).

Regional Kingdoms (1,100-1,800 CE).

Cochin Kingdom (1,102-1,949 CE).

Travancore Kingdom (1.102-1,949 CE).

Ahnon Kingdom (1,228-1,826 CE).

Chitradurga Kingdom (1,300-1,779 CE).

Garhwal Kingdom (1,358-1,803 CE).

Mysore Kingdom (1,399-1,947 CE).

Keladi Kingdom (1,499-1,763 CE).

Thondaiman Kingdom (1,650-1,948 CE).

Madurai Kingdom (1,559-1,736 CE).

Thanjavur Kingdom (1,572-1,918 CE).

Marava Kingdom (1,600-1,750 CE).

Company Rule in India (1,757-1,858 CE).

British India (1,858-1,947 CE).

Partition of India (1947 CE).

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The Dalai Lamas

S. No. Name of Dalai Lama        Period            Birth Place

(1).      Gedun Drupa                 1391-1474      Shabtod (U-Tsang).

(2).      Gedun Gyatso                1475-1542      Tenag Segme (U-Tsang).

(3).      Sonam Gyatso                1543-1588      Tolung (U-Tsang).

(4).      Yonten Gyatso               1589-1617       Mongolia

(5).      Lobsang Gyatso             1617-1682       Chingwar Taktse (U-Tsang).

(6).      Tsangyang Gyatso          1682-1706       Mon Tawang, India

(7).      Kelsang Gyatso              1708-1757      Lithang (Kham).

(8).      Jamphel Gyatso              1758-1804      Thobgyal (U-Tsang).

(9).      Lungtok Gyatso              1805-1815      Dan Chakor (Kham).

(10).    Tsultrim Gyatso               1816-1837     Lithang (Kham).

(11).    Khedrup Gyatso             1838-1856     Gathar (Kham).

(12).    Trinley Gyatso                1856-1875      Lhoka (U-Tsang).

(13).    Thupten Gyatso              1876-1933      Dagpo Langdun   (U-Tsang).

(14).    Tenzin Gyatso                1935-              Taktser, Kumbum (Amdo).     

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Man and History

Man is nature, so made up as to form his own opinions, develop his convictions, draw his inferences and pass his verdicts. Off and on he thinks to survey what really History teaches. After such thought he comes to the conclusion that History teaches nothing. History acquires its significance from the approaches that are brought to it. It can serve as a guide in the way as the lamp post on the road! But man seems to be blind to History. He never learns from it. He does not even learn by his mistakes. That is why History is said to be repeating itself. Great reformers like Jesus Christ and Socrates were put to death. Even then people could and did assassinate great men like Abraham Lincoln, Gandhiji and Martin Luther King. Great inventors like Galileo were blindly subjected to harrassment. In this way men behave in life and starve the world for good things that would have nourished it. History tells the evil effect brought about by hypocrisy, corruption and jealousy. Still man sticks to them with great passion and persistence. History is full of illustrations of greed and its ill-bearings resulting in battles. But to man History means nothing. It also illustrates what war really means. We suffer from consequences but even then man prepares for war and raises the slogan: "If you want peace, be prepared for war!" Man has eyes that see not, a heart that feels not, and consequently he repeats his mistakes.

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STORY OF POST CARD

The post card was invented in 1869 in Austria. It proved to be so popular that in the first month itself 1.5 million of them were sold. Other countries were quick to see the usefulness of this straw-coloured rectangular scrap of paper. Britain introduced the postcard in 1872. It came to India seven years later in 1879. The earliest post card to be sold in India cost 3 paise. Within 9 months postcards worth 7.5 lakh rupees were sold in India. Picture postcards became popular in 1889. That was the year in which the Eiffel Tower in Paris (France) was opened to the public. To make the event easily understood by the general public, the French printed postcards carrying the picture of the Eiffel Tower on one side for sale. Tourists could post these cards at a special post office set up on top of the Eiffel Tower itself. The postcards of earlier days had some special features. People were allowed to write messages on only one side of the postcard. The other side of the card was exclusively for writing the address of the person to whom it was to be sent. The British gave up this rule causing difficulty in 1902. Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation, was one of the most frequent users of the postcard. Perhaps to honour the memory of this famous user of the postcard, the Indian postal department issued special Gandhi postcards in 1951 and 1969. Although the postcard is the cheapest way of sending messages, printing postcards is a losing bargain for the Indian postal department. Each postcard, which now sells at 50 paise, costs the postal department a sizable amount to produce. To offset this loss, the department has found many new uses for the postcard. On 21st July, 1975, postcards carrying the message "Save your crops from insects and rodents" in Hindi were printed. Later, many other government slogans and messages in many Indian languages appeared on the postcard. Like stamp-collection, postcard-collection is also a busy and successful hobby among collectors. This hobby is known as deltiology. In 1984, Susan Brown Nicholas of Illinois, USA, sold a rare postcard - one of the only five specimens of its kind in existence. It brought to her the equivalent of 1.75 lakh rupees.

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SPACECRAFT TOWARDS VENUS

Venera 5 spacecraft towards Venus was launched by the former Soviet Union on 5th January, 1969.

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A laugh is just like music.

A laugh  is just like music, It lingers in the heart, And where its melody is heard, The ills of life depart. 

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PADMA AWARDS FOR 2011

Padma Vibhushan:

Art: Kapila Vatsyayan; Homai Vyarawalla; A. Nageshwar Rao.

Public Affairs: Parasaran Kesava Iyengar, Akhlaq-ur-Rehman Kidwai; Vijay Kelkar; Montek Singh Ahluwalia; L.C. Jain (posthumous).

Science and Engineering: Palle Rama Rao; Azim Premji.

Trade and Industry: Brajesh Mishra.

Civil Services: Ottaplakkai N.V. Kurup.

Literature and Education: Sitakant Mahapatra.

Padma Bhushan:

Art: Satyadev Dubey; Dwijen Mukherjee; Dashrath Patel (posthumous).

Music: M. Zahur Khayyam alias Khayyam; Rudrapatna Krishna S. Srikantan.

Cinema: Shashi Kapoor; Waheeda Rehman.

Painting: Krishen Khanna; Arpita Singh.

Dance: Madavur Vasudevan Nair.

Playback Singing: S.P. Balasubramaniam.

Classical Dance: C.V. Chandrashekhar.

Social Work: Rajashree Birla; Shobana Ranade.

Science and Engineering: Suryanarayanan Ramachandran.

Trade and Industry: S. (Kris) Gopalakrishnan; Yogesh Chander Deveshwar, Chanda Kochhar; K. Anji Reddy; Analjit Singh; Rajendra Singh Pawar; Gunapati Venkata Krishna Reddy; Ajai Chowdhary.

Civil Services: Surendra Singh; M.N. Buch; Shyam Saran.

Literature: Thayil Jacob Sony George; Ramdas Madhava Pai; Sankha Ghosh.

Medicine: K. Raghavan Thirumulpad (posthumous), Ayurveda; Dr. Keki Byramjee Grant (posthumous).

PADMA SHRI

Art: Neelam Man Singh chowdhry; Makar Dhwaja Darogha, Shaji Neelakantan Karun; Girish Kasaravalli; Jivya Soma Mase; Mahasundari Devi; Gajam Govardhana; Peruvanam Kuttan Marar; Dadi Dorab Pudumjee.

Cinema: Tabassum H. Khan alias Tabu; Jayaram Subramaniam; Kajol; Irfan Khan.

Dance: Guru M.K. Saroja; Sunayana Hazaarilal; Kalamandalam K. Pavitran.

Music: Pandit Ajoy Chakraborthy; S.R. Janakiraman (Caranatic Vocal); Khangembam Mangi Singh (traditional music); Prahlad Singh Tipaniya (folk); Usha Uthup.

Social Work: Mamraj Agrawal; Jockin Arputham; Nomita Chandy; Sheela Patel; Anita Reddy; Kanubhai Hasmukhbhai (tailor).

Public Affairs: Anant Darshan Shankar.

Science and Engineering: Prof. M. Annamalai; Mahesh Haribhai Mehta; C. Narayan Rao Raghavendran; Suman Sahai; Prof. E.A. Siddiq.

Architecture: Gopalan Nair Shankar.

Trade and Industry: Mecca Rafeeque Ahmed, Kailasam Raghavendra Rao.

Civil Services: Narayan Singh Bhati; P.K. Sen.

Sports: Shital Mahajan; Nameirakpam Kujarani Devi; Sushil Kumar; V.V.S. Laxman; Gagan Narang; Krishna Poonia; Harbhajan Singh (Mountaineering); Pukhraj Bafna; Mansoor Hasan; Shyama Prasad Mandal; Sivapatham Vittal; Madanur Ahmed Ali; Indira Hinduja; Jose Chako Periappuram; A. Marthanda Pillai.

Literature: Mahim Bora; Pullela Sri Ramchandrudu; Pravin Darji; Chandra Prakash Deval; Balraj Komal; Rajni Kumar; Devanooru Mahadeva; Barun Mazumdar; Avvai Natarajan; Bhalchandra Nemade; Riyaz Punjabi; Koneru Ramakrishna Rao; Buangi Sailo; Devi Dutt Sharma; Nilamber Dev Sharma; Urvashi Butalia; Ritu Menon; Krishna Kumar; Deviprasad Dwivedi; Mamang Dai; Karl Harrington Potter (USA); Granville Austin (USA).

Heritage Conservation: Om Prakash Agarwal.

Archaeology: Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar.

Nursing: Shanti Teresa Lakra.

Handicrafts Promotion: Gulshan Nanda.

Social Work: Azad Maopen (UAE); Martha Chen (USA).

Public Affairs: Upendra Baxi (UK).

Science and Engineering: Mani Lal bhaumik (USA); Subra Suresh (USA).

Trade: Satpal Khaattar (Singapore).

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