GENERAL STUDIES

1. Sri Venkateshwara University in Tirupati was established in the year 1954.
2. The Naxalbari movement was started in the year 1967.
3. The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University was established on November 13, 1976.
4. The Prime Minister of India who esablished an agricultural university was Lal Bahadur Shastri.
5. The first Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minster of Andhra Pradesh were Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy and K.V. Ranga Reddy.
6. The idea of separate state of Andhra Pradesh originated for the first time at the Guntur Youth Literary Conference in 1903.
7. The first Andhra Maha Sabha was conducted at Jogipeta.
8. The capital city of Andaman and Nicobar islands, Port Blair is situated in Middle Andaman. 
9. The number of islands in Lakshadweep are 25.
10. The island of St. George is near Vasco-da Gama.
11. The capital city of Lakshadweep is Kawaratti.
12. The Muslim League was started by Dhaka Nawab Aga Khan, Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
13. The 'Hunter Commission' was established in 1919 to submit a report on Punjab unrest.
14. The book "Poverty and Un-British rule in India" was written by Dadabhai Naoroji.
15. The book "Ghulamgiri" was written by Jyotiba Phule.
16. Third Round Table Conference was held from Novemeber 7, 1932 to Novemeber 24, 1932.
17. Second Round Table Conference was held from November 7, 1931 to December 1931.
18. First Round Table Conference was held from November 12, 1930 to January 19, 1931.
19. The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British in the year 1919 on March 21.
20. The book 'why I am an atheist' was written by Bhagat Singh. 
21. 'National Technology Mission' was started in the year 1958. 
22. The public sector undertaking which was established during the implementation of the second five year plan was Bhillai Steel plant.
23. The National Development Council which takes the responsibility of planning and development was established in the year 1952. 
24. The Green Book is official publication of Italy and Japan.
25. Asia's first heart transplant operation in Mumbai was performed by Dr. P.K. Sen.
26. The official residence of the President of France is Elysee Palace.
27. The group of plants that is called 'amphibians of plant kingdom' are Bryophytes. An example of Bryophytes is Funaria. 
28. The father of Genetics is Mendel. He conducted hybridization experiments on pea plant and introduced laws of inheritance.
29. The author of 'A Bend in the River' was V.S. Naipaul.
30. The national flower of United Kingdom is Rose.
31. Rudyard Kipling said, "The female of the species is more deadly than the male".
32. The average adult male ostrich, the world's largest living bird, weighs upto 345 pounds. 
33. Actress Nandita Das directorial debut is Firaaq.
34. Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford.
35. The first woman to command a space shuttle mission was Eileen Collins.
36. A car travelling at 100 mph would take more than 29 million years to reach the nearest star.
37. The first coast-to-coast telephone line was established in 1914.
38. The name Bowenpally is derived from Bhuvanapalli. It is said to be named after the Chalukya King Trailokya Malla Bhuvaneswara of the 10th century. The State Archaeology Department found an inscription on a pillar which dated back to Chalukya times.
39. To an astronaut in the space-craft, the colour of sky appears to be black. 
40. The first Indian to play at Wimbledon Tennis Championship in 1908 was Sardar Nihal Singh. 
41. Christopher Columbus more than 500 yeaars ago discovered a beautiful island called Espanola (Hispaniola) in the Caribbean Sea. Today we know it as Haiti-Negro republic of West Indies.
42. The first man to land on the moon was Neil Armstrong. His lunar module, 'Eagle', loaded on the moon in the area known as Sea of Tranquility. 
43. A collector of walking sticks is called Rabdophilist.  
44. The "Oil and Natural Gas Commission" was set up in the year 1956.
45. The Prime Minister of India who did not face the Lok Sabha even once was Charan Singh.
46. The country which is called the "Island of Robots" is Japan.
47. The first Five Year plan was launched in 1951.
48. The Roman God of Love is Cupid.
49. The local name of Assam, a north-eastern Indian state is Ahom.
50. The mineral used in the manufacture of alluminium is Bauxite. 
51. After Britain, France and Belgium were the first two European countries to participate in the Davis Cup. 
52. The Federation Cup is the International women's tennis team event--the women's equivalent of the Davis Cup.
53. The Americans and the British originally played the Davis Cup (till 1903).
54. The official name of the Davis Cup is the International Lawn Tennis Challenge Trophy.
55. The Davis Cup is named after Dwight F. Davis who donated it.
56. The two oldes legal systems in the world are Hindu and Jewish.
57. India's longest bridge is the Mahatma Gandhi Setu at Patna (Bihar) is across Ganges river.
58. The author of the book "That Extra Half an inch: Hair, Heels and Everything in between" was Victoria Beckham. 
59. The management thinker who is known as Mr. Strategy and has developed the 3 C's model is Kenichi Ohmas.
60. Guarana drink made from a berry is from Brazil.
61. The film festival which is annually held on the Saharawi refugee camps in the south-west corner of Algeria is the International Sahara Film Festival.
62. The British think-tank New Economics Foundation conducts the Happy Planet Index to track the happiness index of nations. According to the study, vanuato is the happiest country on Earth. The least happiest is Zimbabwe. 
63. Kartar Singh Hitkari is known as a poet and scholar of Braj Bhasha. He has another claim to frame in Hindi literature. He is the father of Amrita Pritam. Hitkari guided the early literary career of Amrita Pritam.
64. The first city in India to get electricity is Bangalore in 1906. The first electric lamps were lit at the old city market building after the shivasamudram hydro electric station was established in 1902.
65. The word 'serendipity' came from the book "The Three Princes of Serendip", a fairy tale written in 1754. The author is Horace Walpole.
66. The phrase 'Naked Truth' has an interesting origin. It comes from a fable.: "Truth and Falsehood went swimming. Falsehood store clothes that Truth left on the bank, but Truth refused to wear Falsehood's clothes and went naked". 
67. Co-branding means using the same brand by two different companies.
68. Sales forecasting involves (a). Consumer interests, (b). Distribution channels, (c). Sales planning and (d). Pricing.
69. When the demand is more than supply, suppliers will sense the possibility of profit.
70. The process of distributing the original value of a long term asset over the years of its life is depreciation.
71. The white marble for the mines was acquired from Makrana mines in Rajasthan.
72. 'Pietra Dura' is inlay work on marble with precious stones.
73. The construction of the Taj was completed in 1654 according to the chronicles of a contemporary traveller called Traveller from France.
74. Akbarnama, the biography of Akbar was written by Abul Fazl. 
75. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was the autobiography of Jahangir.
76. Badshahnama is the biography of Shah Jehan.
77. The idea of Directive Principles has been borrowed from the Irish Constitution.
78. Aurangazeb ascended the throne in AD 1658 after imprisoning his father Shah Jehan.
79. Dadaji Kondadev was Shivaji's guide and teacher.
80. Shivaji proclaimed himself as 'Chatrapati' in AD 1674.
81. The council of eight minsters or ashtapradhan were the most important ministers in Shivaji's council.
82. Aurangazeb got a collection of Islamic laws compiled in a book entitled Fatwa-i-Alamgiri.
83. Jahangir's real name was Muhammad Sultan Salim.
84. Jahangir ascended the throne after his father Akbar's death in AD 1605.
85. The Sikh Guru, Arjun Dev was tortured to death for supporting Prince Khusrau.
86. The English East India Company was set up in AD 1600.
87. John Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were the English ambassadors who visited India during Jahangir's reign.
88. Khurram, he third son of Jahangir, assumed the title Shah Jahan in AD 1628.
89. The Dutch East India Company was set up in AD 1602.
90. Akbar ascended the throne at the age of 13 years.
91. Akbar's loyal Prime Minister Bairam Khan was divested of power by Akbar in AD 1560. 
92. The horse on which Rana Pratap escaped to the hills before launching war against the Mughals was Chetak.
93. Ain-i-Akbari, which deals with law and revenue system of the empire was written by Abul Fazl.
94. The founder of the Mughal dynasty in India was Babur.
95. Babur traced his antecedents to two great warrior tribes of Central Asia led by Timur and Chengiz Khan.
96. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in AD 1526.
97. Babur was born in AD 1483 in Farghana, a small principality in Central Asia.
98. Tuzuk-i-Baburi or the Baburnama is an autobiography of Babur.
99. Babur was a great scholar. The verse invented by him was Mubiyan.
100. Humayun, the son of Babur was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, who was earlier a general in Babur's army on 17th May, 1540. Thus the first reign of the Mughals came to an end. Humayun was defeated in the battle of Kannauj. 
101. Humayun reclaimed Delhi in 1555. He defeated Sikandar Shah Suri.
102. Pigeon-flying was a favourite sport of the Mughals. The term they used for it was Ishqbazi.
103. Mahmud of Ghazni was the son of Subktiyanno, a Turkish noble.
104. Mahmud of Ghazni patronised scholars like Al Beruni and Firdausi.
105. Firdausi wrote the great epic Shahnama.
106. Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a general under Mohammad Ghori.
107. Mohammed Ghori attacked India in AD 1175. He defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain in AD 1192 and occupied Delhi and Ajmer.
108. Mohammad Ghori defeated Jaichand, the ruler of Kanauj and annexed Kanauj in AD 1198.
109. The Slave Dynasty began with Qutub-ud-din's accession to the throne in AD 1206.
110. The famous book Tabaqat-i-Nasiri was written during the reign of Iltutmish by Minhaj-us-Siraj.
111. India's neighbour which got its independence from United Kingdom on 04-01-1948 is Myanmar (formerly Burma).
112. The French inventor of an eponymous worldwide reading and writing system used by the visually impaired people who was born on 04th January was Louis Braille.
113. The place in Tamil Nadu which is also referred to as Mayavaram is Mayiladutharai.
114. The most distant spacecraft from earth is Voyager I.
115. The trait which a Klein-Levin syndrome patient exhibits is excessive sleeping.
116. The world's largest mobile phone maker Nokia comes from Finland.
117. The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancun, Mexico.
118. The scientific name of Platypus is Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
119. The monarch whose execution which which led to the formation of Commonwealth of  England in the 17th century was Charles I.
120. The U. S. State which has the Union Jack in its flag is Hawaii.
121. Freddy Krugner is a despised villain from the film series "A Nightmare on Elm Street".
122. The Khalji dynasty was founded by Jalaluddin Khalji in AD 1290.
123. The last Khalji ruler was Khusrao Khan who was killed in AD 1320.
124. Ghias-ud-din Tughluq built a new city near Delhi, which was named Tughluqabad, after the dynasty.
125. Ghias-ud-din died in AD 1325, when the pavilion built for his reception by his son Jauna Khan collapsed.
126. Jauna Khan ascended the throne in AD 1325 and assumed the title Sultan Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
127. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri.
128. The Lodi dynasty was founded by Bahlul Lodi in AD 1451.
129. "Ali is greatest, but I am the latest." This statement can be attributed to Leon Spinks. He uttered these words when he defeated Md. Ali in one of the shocking results in the world boxing championship.
130. Christy has been suplying all the towels used during wimbledon championship since Christy is Welspun, the Indian textile company.
131. Jim Laker took 19 wickets against Australia in the famous Manchester test of 1956. The other wicket was taken by Tony Lock. He took the wicket of opener J.W. Burke.
132. The study of proverbs is called 'paremiology'. The name given to collection of proverbs is called Paremiography.
133. It is the only country where number of horses is more than population. Its capital city means 'Red Hero' in native language. The country is Mongolia. Its capital Ulan Bator means red hero. 
134. Richard Wagner wanted to produce an opera called 'Die Sieger' (The Victors), but he died before that. The opera was based on the life of Gautama Buddha.
135. The mistress of W.B. Yeats who changed her birth year from 1865 to 1866 out of embarrassment because her parents got married one day before her birth in 1865 was Maud Gonne.
136. Firoz Shah succeeded Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
137. The death of Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 against Babur brought the end of Lodi dynasty.
138. The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty.
139. Hampi was the capital of Vijayanagara Kingdom.
140. Mahmud Gawan was sentenced to death in 1481.
141. Red Fort was built by Shah Jahan.
142. The 29th State to formed in India is Delhi.
143. The first Parliament met in the year 1952.
144. The two sects of Jainism and Buddhism in India are Swetambara and Digambara.
145. The rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta belong to the period of Rashtrakutas.
146. The Sikh Guru who was executed by Aurangazeb was Guru Tegh Bahadur.
147. The famous Chinese pilgrim, Fahien, visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II.
148. Jainism became popular mainly because of its mitigation of evils of the 'varna' system.
149. The stupa at Sanchi was built by Ashoka.
150. The capital of Hoysalas was Dwarasamudram in Karnataka.
151. The great ruler of Sangama dynasty was Devarayulu II.
152. Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact.
153. RAPD stands for Random Amplification of Polymorphic D.N.A.
154. In Physics and Mathematics, singularity is defined as a point at which a complex function is undefined because it is neither differentiable nor single valued while the function is defined in every neighbourhood of the point.  
155. The early Vedic period was noted for agricultural civilisation.
156. Original name of Swami Dayananda was Mul Shankar.
157. The famous Siva Temple built by Raja Raja Chola is located at Tanjore.
158. Humayun died as a result of an accidental fall from the stair case.
159. Ilbert Bill was introduced during the time of Lord Rippon.
160. The first Indian to be selected for the Indian Civil Service was Satyendranath Tagore.
161. Lord Canning was the Governor General during the Revolt of 1857.
162. The combination of several millions of stars form Milky Way. It is also called Akasa Ganga.
163. On June 21st, the sun shines vertically over Tropic of Cancer.

CHRONOLOGICAL DATES OF INDIAN HISTORY

Stone Age (before 3,300 BCE)

Mehrgarh Culture (7,000-3300 BCE).

Indus Valley Civilisation (3,300-1,700 BCE).

Late Harappan Culture (1,700-1,300 BCE).

Ochre Coloured Pottery Culture (Second Millenium BCE).

Cemetary Harappan Culture (From 1,900 BCE).

Swat Culture (1,600-500 BCE).

Iron Age (1,200-180 BCE).

Vedic Civilisation (1,500-500 BCE).

Black and Red Ware Culture (1,300-1,000 BCE).

Painted Grey Ware Culture (1,200-600 BCE).

Northern Black Polished Ware (700-200 BCE).

Maha Janapadas (700-300 BCE).

Magadha Empire (684-424 BCE).

Nanda Empire (424-321 BCE).

Chera Empire (300 BCE-1200 BCE).

Chola Empire (300 BCE-1279 CE).

Pandyan Empire (300 BCE-1345 CE).

Maurya Empire (321-184 BCE).

Pallava Empire (250 BCE-800 BCE).

Sunga Empire (185-73 BCE).

Kanva Empire (75-26 BCE).

Kharavela Empire (209-170 BCE).

Kuninda Kingdom (200 BCE-3,000 CE).

Indo-Scythian Kingdom (200 BC-400 CE).

Satavahana Empire (230 BCE-220 CE).

Indo Greek Kingdom (180 BCE-10 CE).

Middle Kingdoms (1 CE-1,279 CE).

Indo-Parthian Kingdom (21-130 CE).

Western Satrap Empire (35-405 CE).

Kushan Empire (60-240 CE).

Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230-360 CE).

Vakataka Empire (250-500 CE).

Kalabhras Kingdom (250-600 CE).

Gupta Empire (280-550 CE).

Kadamba Empire (345-525 CE).

Western Ganga Kingdom (350-1,000 CE).

Kamarupa Kingdom (350-1,100 CE).

Vishnukundina Empire (420-624 CE).

Huna Kingdom (475-576 CE).

Rai Kingdom (489-632 CE).

Chalukya Empire (543-753 CE).

Harsha Empire (590-647 CE).

Shahi Kingdom (565-670 CE).

Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624-1075 CE).

Gurjara Pratihara Empire (650-1,036 CE).

Pala Empire (750-1,174 CE).

Rashtrakuta Empire (753-982 CE).

Paramara Kingdom (800-1,327 CE).

Yadava Empire (850-1,334 CE).

Solanki Kingdom (942-1,244 CE).

Western Chalukya Empire (973-1,189 CE).

Hoysala Empire (1,040-1,346 CE).

Sena Empire (1,070- 1,230 CE).

Eastern Ganga Empire (1,078-1,434 CE).

Kakatiya Kingdom (1,083-1.323 CE).

Kalachuri Empire (1,130-1,184 CE).

Muslim Period (1,100-1,800 CE).

Islamic Rulers (1,206-1,707 CE).

Delhi Sultanate (1,206-1,526 CE).

Deccan Sultanates (1,490-1,596 CE).

Vijayanagara Empire (1,336-1,646 CE).

Mughal Empire (1,526-1,803 CE).

Maratha Empire (1,674-1,818 CE).

Durrani Empire (1,747-1,823 CE).

Sikh Confederacy (1,733-1,805 CE).

Sikh Empire (1,799-1,849 CE).

Regional Kingdoms (1,100-1,800 CE).

Cochin Kingdom (1,102-1,949 CE).

Travancore Kingdom (1.102-1,949 CE).

Ahnon Kingdom (1,228-1,826 CE).

Chitradurga Kingdom (1,300-1,779 CE).

Garhwal Kingdom (1,358-1,803 CE).

Mysore Kingdom (1,399-1,947 CE).

Keladi Kingdom (1,499-1,763 CE).

Thondaiman Kingdom (1,650-1,948 CE).

Madurai Kingdom (1,559-1,736 CE).

Thanjavur Kingdom (1,572-1,918 CE).

Marava Kingdom (1,600-1,750 CE).

Company Rule in India (1,757-1,858 CE).

British India (1,858-1,947 CE).

Partition of India (1947 CE).

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The Dalai Lamas

S. No. Name of Dalai Lama        Period            Birth Place

(1).      Gedun Drupa                 1391-1474      Shabtod (U-Tsang).

(2).      Gedun Gyatso                1475-1542      Tenag Segme (U-Tsang).

(3).      Sonam Gyatso                1543-1588      Tolung (U-Tsang).

(4).      Yonten Gyatso               1589-1617       Mongolia

(5).      Lobsang Gyatso             1617-1682       Chingwar Taktse (U-Tsang).

(6).      Tsangyang Gyatso          1682-1706       Mon Tawang, India

(7).      Kelsang Gyatso              1708-1757      Lithang (Kham).

(8).      Jamphel Gyatso              1758-1804      Thobgyal (U-Tsang).

(9).      Lungtok Gyatso              1805-1815      Dan Chakor (Kham).

(10).    Tsultrim Gyatso               1816-1837     Lithang (Kham).

(11).    Khedrup Gyatso             1838-1856     Gathar (Kham).

(12).    Trinley Gyatso                1856-1875      Lhoka (U-Tsang).

(13).    Thupten Gyatso              1876-1933      Dagpo Langdun   (U-Tsang).

(14).    Tenzin Gyatso                1935-              Taktser, Kumbum (Amdo).     

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Man and History

Man is nature, so made up as to form his own opinions, develop his convictions, draw his inferences and pass his verdicts. Off and on he thinks to survey what really History teaches. After such thought he comes to the conclusion that History teaches nothing. History acquires its significance from the approaches that are brought to it. It can serve as a guide in the way as the lamp post on the road! But man seems to be blind to History. He never learns from it. He does not even learn by his mistakes. That is why History is said to be repeating itself. Great reformers like Jesus Christ and Socrates were put to death. Even then people could and did assassinate great men like Abraham Lincoln, Gandhiji and Martin Luther King. Great inventors like Galileo were blindly subjected to harrassment. In this way men behave in life and starve the world for good things that would have nourished it. History tells the evil effect brought about by hypocrisy, corruption and jealousy. Still man sticks to them with great passion and persistence. History is full of illustrations of greed and its ill-bearings resulting in battles. But to man History means nothing. It also illustrates what war really means. We suffer from consequences but even then man prepares for war and raises the slogan: "If you want peace, be prepared for war!" Man has eyes that see not, a heart that feels not, and consequently he repeats his mistakes.

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STORY OF POST CARD

The post card was invented in 1869 in Austria. It proved to be so popular that in the first month itself 1.5 million of them were sold. Other countries were quick to see the usefulness of this straw-coloured rectangular scrap of paper. Britain introduced the postcard in 1872. It came to India seven years later in 1879. The earliest post card to be sold in India cost 3 paise. Within 9 months postcards worth 7.5 lakh rupees were sold in India. Picture postcards became popular in 1889. That was the year in which the Eiffel Tower in Paris (France) was opened to the public. To make the event easily understood by the general public, the French printed postcards carrying the picture of the Eiffel Tower on one side for sale. Tourists could post these cards at a special post office set up on top of the Eiffel Tower itself. The postcards of earlier days had some special features. People were allowed to write messages on only one side of the postcard. The other side of the card was exclusively for writing the address of the person to whom it was to be sent. The British gave up this rule causing difficulty in 1902. Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation, was one of the most frequent users of the postcard. Perhaps to honour the memory of this famous user of the postcard, the Indian postal department issued special Gandhi postcards in 1951 and 1969. Although the postcard is the cheapest way of sending messages, printing postcards is a losing bargain for the Indian postal department. Each postcard, which now sells at 50 paise, costs the postal department a sizable amount to produce. To offset this loss, the department has found many new uses for the postcard. On 21st July, 1975, postcards carrying the message "Save your crops from insects and rodents" in Hindi were printed. Later, many other government slogans and messages in many Indian languages appeared on the postcard. Like stamp-collection, postcard-collection is also a busy and successful hobby among collectors. This hobby is known as deltiology. In 1984, Susan Brown Nicholas of Illinois, USA, sold a rare postcard - one of the only five specimens of its kind in existence. It brought to her the equivalent of 1.75 lakh rupees.

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SPACECRAFT TOWARDS VENUS

Venera 5 spacecraft towards Venus was launched by the former Soviet Union on 5th January, 1969.

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A laugh is just like music.

A laugh  is just like music, It lingers in the heart, And where its melody is heard, The ills of life depart. 

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PADMA AWARDS FOR 2011

Padma Vibhushan:

Art: Kapila Vatsyayan; Homai Vyarawalla; A. Nageshwar Rao.

Public Affairs: Parasaran Kesava Iyengar, Akhlaq-ur-Rehman Kidwai; Vijay Kelkar; Montek Singh Ahluwalia; L.C. Jain (posthumous).

Science and Engineering: Palle Rama Rao; Azim Premji.

Trade and Industry: Brajesh Mishra.

Civil Services: Ottaplakkai N.V. Kurup.

Literature and Education: Sitakant Mahapatra.

Padma Bhushan:

Art: Satyadev Dubey; Dwijen Mukherjee; Dashrath Patel (posthumous).

Music: M. Zahur Khayyam alias Khayyam; Rudrapatna Krishna S. Srikantan.

Cinema: Shashi Kapoor; Waheeda Rehman.

Painting: Krishen Khanna; Arpita Singh.

Dance: Madavur Vasudevan Nair.

Playback Singing: S.P. Balasubramaniam.

Classical Dance: C.V. Chandrashekhar.

Social Work: Rajashree Birla; Shobana Ranade.

Science and Engineering: Suryanarayanan Ramachandran.

Trade and Industry: S. (Kris) Gopalakrishnan; Yogesh Chander Deveshwar, Chanda Kochhar; K. Anji Reddy; Analjit Singh; Rajendra Singh Pawar; Gunapati Venkata Krishna Reddy; Ajai Chowdhary.

Civil Services: Surendra Singh; M.N. Buch; Shyam Saran.

Literature: Thayil Jacob Sony George; Ramdas Madhava Pai; Sankha Ghosh.

Medicine: K. Raghavan Thirumulpad (posthumous), Ayurveda; Dr. Keki Byramjee Grant (posthumous).

PADMA SHRI

Art: Neelam Man Singh chowdhry; Makar Dhwaja Darogha, Shaji Neelakantan Karun; Girish Kasaravalli; Jivya Soma Mase; Mahasundari Devi; Gajam Govardhana; Peruvanam Kuttan Marar; Dadi Dorab Pudumjee.

Cinema: Tabassum H. Khan alias Tabu; Jayaram Subramaniam; Kajol; Irfan Khan.

Dance: Guru M.K. Saroja; Sunayana Hazaarilal; Kalamandalam K. Pavitran.

Music: Pandit Ajoy Chakraborthy; S.R. Janakiraman (Caranatic Vocal); Khangembam Mangi Singh (traditional music); Prahlad Singh Tipaniya (folk); Usha Uthup.

Social Work: Mamraj Agrawal; Jockin Arputham; Nomita Chandy; Sheela Patel; Anita Reddy; Kanubhai Hasmukhbhai (tailor).

Public Affairs: Anant Darshan Shankar.

Science and Engineering: Prof. M. Annamalai; Mahesh Haribhai Mehta; C. Narayan Rao Raghavendran; Suman Sahai; Prof. E.A. Siddiq.

Architecture: Gopalan Nair Shankar.

Trade and Industry: Mecca Rafeeque Ahmed, Kailasam Raghavendra Rao.

Civil Services: Narayan Singh Bhati; P.K. Sen.

Sports: Shital Mahajan; Nameirakpam Kujarani Devi; Sushil Kumar; V.V.S. Laxman; Gagan Narang; Krishna Poonia; Harbhajan Singh (Mountaineering); Pukhraj Bafna; Mansoor Hasan; Shyama Prasad Mandal; Sivapatham Vittal; Madanur Ahmed Ali; Indira Hinduja; Jose Chako Periappuram; A. Marthanda Pillai.

Literature: Mahim Bora; Pullela Sri Ramchandrudu; Pravin Darji; Chandra Prakash Deval; Balraj Komal; Rajni Kumar; Devanooru Mahadeva; Barun Mazumdar; Avvai Natarajan; Bhalchandra Nemade; Riyaz Punjabi; Koneru Ramakrishna Rao; Buangi Sailo; Devi Dutt Sharma; Nilamber Dev Sharma; Urvashi Butalia; Ritu Menon; Krishna Kumar; Deviprasad Dwivedi; Mamang Dai; Karl Harrington Potter (USA); Granville Austin (USA).

Heritage Conservation: Om Prakash Agarwal.

Archaeology: Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar.

Nursing: Shanti Teresa Lakra.

Handicrafts Promotion: Gulshan Nanda.

Social Work: Azad Maopen (UAE); Martha Chen (USA).

Public Affairs: Upendra Baxi (UK).

Science and Engineering: Mani Lal bhaumik (USA); Subra Suresh (USA).

Trade: Satpal Khaattar (Singapore).

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ESSENCE OF SACRED LITERATURE

It is often said that it is rare indeed to be born and rarer indeed to be born a man, a statement that puts human beings on a plane above all creatures. One may ask what is the quality that gives man such a pre-eminent position? It is the ability to chart the course of his own life as per moral laws. Literature is one of the oldest available tools for mankind to progress in the right direction. Broadly, these may be classified three-fold as moral instruction aimed at the soul, the mind-elevating texts and aesthetic literature. The genesis of devotional literature aimed at social reforms and those portraying nature are the media of instruction for aspirants. The essence of all categories of sacred literature is ensconced in the Tamil classic, Thirukkural, for the ordinary seeker. The saint's approach to gaining wisdom and right conduct is steeped in a pracical approach. For instance, one may want to know, what is truth? It is nothing but unsullied utterance. Yet there are many instances found in epics and puranas where the proponents of virtue appear to have not been entirely truthful. The so-called ambush of Vali is often held up by debaters as a point of dissension. Scholars point out that there was no personal motive in Rama's action against Vali, for how else could the errant ape King be brought to realise the error of his ways in coveting his brother's wife, further compounding his mis-deeds by not giving a fair hearing to his sibling's version of events. Besides, as the repository of mercy Rama would have extended His grace to Vali if he had surrendered to him. Similarly in the Mahabharata, Yudhisthira the doyen of virtuous conduct participated in a collective fraud by misleading his enemies into thinking Ashwathama had fallen in battle, when in fact it was an elephant called Ashwathama which was killed. In the fight for righteousness, these men were filled with nothing but truth which permeated the very core of their selves. A medical practitioner faced with the truth of the terminal illness of a patient would try as much as possible to soften the blow or postpone the announcement when faced with the inevitable. There are also numerous instances where a mother threatens her child with an imaginary bogeyman waiting to kidnap a child that does not eat or throw tantrums. Would these qualify as untruths? As the Kural states, 'Even untruth has the stamp of truth if it is free from harm'.
C.S. Chakravarthy
H. No. 12-13-301, St. No. 9,
Lane. No. 1, Flat. No.203, 
Satya Classic Apartments,
Tarnaka, Secunderabad-500017
Andhra Pradesh, India.
Cell. No. 09985732397
Land Line. No. 040-27000719         

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION-AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

NATURE.- The ILO is the first international body which is not expressly concerned with political questions but its role is limited to the problems of industry and with he conditions under which ordinary men throughout the world work and live. It is an illuminating enterprise of constructive international co-operation and understanding dedicated to the elimination of poverty and injustice. It is a new social experimental institution making the world continuously conscious that the unjust condition of working population may affect the world peace. The only justification of its establishment and the nature of its activities is that it provides a positive and dynamic leadership to the humanity for nobler actions, and is continuously exploring  the new horizons of universal peace, co-operation and unity. It is an organisation for peace and social justice. It is firmly committed to the motto that there can be no peace without social justice and no social justice without peace. So is the cardinal principle of its constitution--that, (1). 'Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere', (2). 'universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice'. Therefore, the ILO's meaning, nature and activities centre around three words: (1). Peace, (2). Social Justice and (3). Labour. What the ILO is then? In the words of the ILO itself 'Most simply of nations...created to improve working and living conditions all over the world. But beyond this immediate purpose is the longer range objective of helping to establish an international community of nations in which all people may live in peace and steadily increasing prosperity'. The ILO deals with international labour and social problems as the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation handles questions relating to the earth's food supply and the World Health Organisation works to improve the health of the people living on the planet. While it is an inter-governmental agency, it differs from other diplomatic bodies in one important way, namely, the representation is given to workers and employers beside governmental representatives. The three groups--the ILO's tripartite structure--share in its control, evolution and supervision of the execution of its policies and programmes. These groups are the governments which finance it, the workers, for whose benefit it is created and employers who share the responsibility for the welfare of the workers. Keeping in view its overall objectives and structure the ILO appears like the Ministry of Labour of the UN having the responsibility in the fields of labour conditions, industrial relations, social security and all other aspects of social and economic policies havin a direct bearing on the workers.
AIMS AND PURPOSES: A broad idea of the aims and purposes of the ILO can be understood from the text of the Peace Treaty of 1919. It provided that ILO is being established for 'the well-being, physical and intellectual of industrial wage-earners'. This was being done not as a matter of charity to labour but as a matter of 'supreme international importance'. However, it was recognised that 'differences of climate, habits and customs of economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict uniformity in the conditions of labour difficult of immediate attainment...that labour should not be regarded merely as an article of commerce...'. Thus, from international point of view the welfare of the wage-earners is the principal aim of the ILO. The objectives of the ILO are clearly enumerated in the Preamble of its Constitution supplemented by Article. 427 of the Peace Treaty of Versailles which has been further supplemented by the Philadelphia Declaration of 1944. These fundamental instruments set out the main ideology of the ILO in the following terms: "Whereas universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice; "And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled...". "Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of their own countries...". Following are the conditions for improvement the Preamble declares to be urgently required in various particulars:

• the regulation of hours of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week;
• the regulation of labour supply;
• the prevention of unemployment;
• the provision of an adequate living wage;
• the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment;
• the protection of children, young persons, and women;
• provision for old age and injury;
• protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own;
• recognition of the principle of the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value;
• recognition of the freedom of association; and 
• the organisation of vocational and technical education.

From the very beginning the ILO, therefore, has been confronted with the tremendous task of promoting social justice by improving conditions of work and life, in all parts of the world. In its own words, it was given a sweeping mandate in the field of social and labour action. 
Philadelphia Charter 1944: The utility of the ILO as a vehicle for social action and economic reforms was greatly felt during the dark eyes of the World War II. The enlightened public opinion in general and the trade unions in particular attached great significance to the ILO's past achievements and bright future during the difficult period of its existence. 'The ILO has been so useful to all of the three elements composing it--government, employers and workers--that there is an almost unanimous desire for it to continue in existence. The ILO is almost the only League of Nations instrumentality about which it can almost be said'. Much of this usefulness stemmed from the fact that the ILO had become the world's foremost authority on technical aspects of national and international social policies. During the war years the ILO, which was functioning at Montreal, was considering the policies and programmes to be pursued when peace is established. A Conference convened in Philadelphia on April 20, 1944 marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the ILO. The delegations of forty-one States met together to consider the future role, policy and programmes of the ILO. Out of the deliberations of the Conference emerged a document on the re-definition of the ILO's aims and purposes and a wider conception of its responsibilities. This was the Declaration of Philadelphia of 1944 which has been incorporated into the ILO's Constitution. Article. 1 of the Declaration affirmed the fundamental principles on which the Organisation is based and in particular, that:

1. Labour is not commodity;
2. Freedom of expression and of association are essential to sustained progress;
3. Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere;
4. The war against want requires to be carried on with unrelenting vigour within each nation, and by continuous and concerned international effort in which the representatives of workers and employers, enjoying equal status with those of governments, join with them in free discussion and democratic decision with a view to the promotion of the common welfare.

Article. II of the Declaration reiterates that 'Central aim of national and international policy' should be the attainment of social justice. In the words of the Declaration social justice meant, 'All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity'. 
Article. III sets forth ten specific objectives which the ILO is to further and promote among the nations of the world:

1. full employment and the raising of standards of living;
2. the employment of workers in the occupations in which they can have the satisfaction of giving the fullest measure of their skill and attainments and make their greatest contribution to the common well-being;
3. The provision, as a means to the attainmentof this end and under adequate guarantees for all concerned, of facilities for training and the transfer of labour, including mgration for employment and settlement;
4. Policies in regard to wages and earnings, hours and other conditions of work calculated to ensure a just share of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all employed and in need of protection;
5. The effective recognition of the right of collective bargaining, the co-operation of management and labour in the continuous improvement of productive efficiency, and the collaboration of workers and employers in social and economic measures;
6. The extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care;
7. Adequate protection for the life and health of workers in all occupations;
8. Provision for child welfare and maternity protection;
9. The provision of adequate nutrition, housing and facilities for recreation and culture;
10. The assurance of equality of educational and vocational opportunity.

The way to achieve these goals, the Declaration affirms, is by effective international and national action and the ILO pledges full co-operation to other international bodies which share the responsibility of pursuing the above goals. 
Legal Nature.-
The ILO like other international institutions has a limited field of activity delineated by its 'objects'. It differs from States as a subject of international law in as much as in case of the ILO the problems of sovereignty and jurisdiction cannot be similar to that of States. Any function outside its constitution lies within the powers of the State. As the International Court of Justice has observed referring to the United Nations: "Whereas a State possesses the totality of international rights and duties recognised by international law, the rghts and duties of an entity such as the Organisation must depend upon its purposes and functions as specified or implied in its constituent documents and developed in practice."
Thus no international body including the ILO can over-step its constitutional powers. For instance, the ILO cannot legally exercise the peace enforcement functions of the United Nations Security Council or vice versa. Article. 39 of the Constitution of the ILO confers on it international legal personality and in particular he capacity to contract, to acquire and dispose of immovable and movable property; and to institute legal proceedings. Article. 40 grants such privileges and immunities to Director-General and other officers as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connection with the ILO. Member States are legally bound to recognise such personality.  
State Sovereignty and the ILO   
In the absence of specific treaty obligations to the contrary the activities of the ILO may be treated by the States as solely within their domestic jurisdiction. The preamble to the Constitution of the ILO gives the reason why States--or, at least the greater part of the population--have only to gain from concerted action dependant on the limitation of unrestricted national sovereignty. As the Permanent Court of International Justice emphasised in its Advisory Opinion on the Agriculture Labour (1922) and on the Personal Work of Employers (1926), the question of the scope of such restrictions of State independence has in each case to be answered by refernce to the terms of the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation. Within these limits 'the High Contracting Parties must be assumed to have acted deliberately in providing for the cooperation, strictly limited as it is, of the International Labour Organisation in the exercise of their sovereign powers in respect of labour measures--national and international'. However, the limitation imposed upon the sovereignty of member states by the ILO Constitution is not real as the ILO has no coercive power to impose its will upon the member States. In the words of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the case of Agriculture Labour (1922), 'no measure can be applied in any country that does not see fit to adopt it'. In the case of Personal Work of Employers the Court observed that the ILO's functions are of 'investigating, examining, considering and recommendatory nature. The Organisation has no legislative power. Each member is free to adopt or to reject any proposal of the Organisation either for national law or, for an international convention'. The ILO is in no sense a supra-natural organisation having powers of binding character upon the States. It is merely a specialised agency having auxiliary and advisory functions in the labour and economic field. Legally a State can use its veto by way of refusing to abide by the proposals of the ILO. Most appropriately it can be described as the unofficial parliament of world labour to deal with labour questions.
Membership    
The International Labour Organisation has been inspired by the ideals of universality, humanity and cosmic brotherhood of man without distinction of power, status and occupation. The Constitution of the ILO provides simple rules of procedure regarding admission of a State to the membership of the ILO. It provides that all those states, which were members of the ILO on November 1, 1945, and any original member of the United Nations or the State admitted to the membership of the United Nations, can become members of the ILO, by accepting the obligations of the Constitution of the ILO'. Other States can also become the members of the ILO 'by a vote concurred in by two-thirds of the delegates attending the session including two-thirds of the Government delegates present and voting'. Between 1919-1945 as soon as a State was admitted to the League of Nations it automatically became a member of the ILO. This organic connection in the membership of these two international bodies created difficulty and controversy amongst the States. In 1920, El Salvador became the member of the League of Nations but it refused to be the member of the ILO. In 1926 Brazil and Spain withdrew from the League but wished to remain the member of the ILO. In 1934 the United States became the member of the ILO without becoming the member of the League of Nations. Common membership of the ILO and the League of Nations had created difficulties for the States. After the replacement of the League of Nations by the United Nations, the principal of common and identical membership between the ILO and the United Nations has been discontinued. Accordingly, the membership of the United Nations does not carry with it the membership of the ILO or the vice versa. There were 45 States which were the members of the ILO in 1919. In 1969 during the year of the ILO's fiftieth anniversary there were 118 States as its members. In 1973, with the admission of Bangladesh, the ILO's membership has risen to 119.
Suspension of Membership: The ILO Constitution provides for suspension in the sense of deprivation of a vote in the various bodies of the Organisation when a member is in arrears with its budgetary contributions to an amount equal to the contributions due for the preceding two full years. It must be, however, noted that the suspension does not free a member from its obligations, but merely suspends the exercise of rights and privileges of one kind or the other.
Withdrawal: Like the constitutions of international bodies except UNO, WHO and UNESCO, the Constitution of the ILO contains specific right of the member States to withdraw from the Organisation by giving a notice and it would take effect two years after the receipt of the date of said notice and on the fulfilment of all financial obligations arising out of membership. Since the Second World War five members gave notice of withdrawal but in three cases returned to the ILO. In March 1964 South Africa informed the ILO of its decision to withdraw because of increasing opposition to its policy of apartheid or racial discrimination. Now there are at present only two countries Albania and South Africa who have withdrawn from ILO.                   

POLITICIANS MUST BE ACCOUNTABLE.

The Indian society is pasing through turbulent times. But the crisis is not because of rising prices, terrorist attacks or the global financial meltdown. The real crisis  is that our political parties and governments have ceased to govern. Politics has shed its pro-people concerns. It now suffers from the "numbing effect of private prosperity". Having willingly become hostage to market fundamentalism, they consider the Nehruvian vision of state led mixed economy a distortion. They forget that one-third of the world's poor live in this country. The "hawkish" assertion against Pakistan after the senseless terror attacks show that Indian politics is hostage to ultra-nationalism. This lesson comes directly from the so-called war against terror. War on Pakistan will not eliminate the cause of terrorism. Just as the war against Iraq and liquidation of Saddam Hussein has made the world more vulnerable to attacks. In the political olympiad, Indian politicians are wobblers not gymnasts who have body discipline and a capacity to control their surroundings. In the words of Barrows Dunham, the most astonishing feats result from the play of contradictory forces over which wobbler exerts no influence at all. They just follow the wave that is stronger. Accountability is the first victim of a politics devoid of ideology. In the quest for capturing power, norms of political behaviour and moral veneer have made ideologies redundant. Evrybody seems to be in a hurry to shed whatever ideology they have had and refuse to embrace any normative system. The need is to reverse the trend and make politics less corrupt and more efficient. It is wrong to understand the crisis as either poliical, or economic, or social. We need to take a holistic view.
C. S. Chakravarthy
H. No. 12-13-301, St. No. 9,
Lane. No. 1, Flat. No. 203,
Satya Classic, Tarnaka,
Secunderabad-500017
Andhra Pradesh, India
Cell. No. 9985732397
Landline No. 040-27000719 
email id: chakku1968@gmail.com
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HOW ACCOUNTS GET MANIPULATED

Indian accounting standards are generally said to be robust and have evolved overtime. Now, many firms intend to migrate to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from the currently followed Indian GAAP. This is expected to herald a new era - better access to global capital markets and many more disclosures, implying greater financial discipline. However, experts say companies can still manipulate their financial statements to inflate revenues, margins and cash balances - much like what Satyam did. Accounting fraud is typically a top management fraud. While experts diverge on how rampant it is in India, they will agree it does take place in the name of adjustments. KPMG'S forensic wing, for instance, had conducted about 100 investigations in 2008 related to various economic offences, including diversion of funds, kickbacks and financial statement fraud. So how do companies manipulate? On the revenue side, firms can inflate figures by showing sales that did not happen - pass fake sales invoices, show goods that did not get dispatched as dispatched.  On the corresponding side you can show cost decrease from the manufacturing of those goods; so the gross margins gets inflated. Similarly when firms give discounts, they may not want to recoognise them and record the sale at the correct value. From the IT services perspective, you can create a fictitious contract and show that you have spent time and effort on that. Similarly, an IT products company can dispatch CD's loaded with or without software to fictitious addresses. An accountant has the flexibility to interpret. So one could manage depreciation of assets.

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MILKY WAY: OUR GALAXY NOT PINT-SIZED ANYMORE

Take that, Andromeda! For decades, astronomers thought when it came to the major galaxies in Earth's cosmic neighbourhood, our Milky Way was a weak sister to the larger Andromeda. Not anymore. The Milky Way is considerably larger, bulkier and spinning faster than astronomers once thought, Andromeda's equal. Scientists mapped the Milky Way in a more detailed, three dimensional way and found that it is 15% larger in breadth. More important, it is denser, with 50% more mass, which is like weight. The new findings were presented at the American Astronomical Society's convention in Long Beach, California. That difference means a lot, said study author Mark Reid of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge. Previously, it was thought that Andromeda was dominant, and that we were the little sister of Andromeda. A bigger Milky Way means the gravity between the Milky Way and Andromeda is stronger. So the long-forecast collision between the neighbouring galaxies is likely to happen sooner and less likely to be a glancing blow. That's at least 2 to 3 billion years away. 
C.S. Chakravarthy
H.No. 12-13-301, St. No. 9, 
Lane. No.1, Flat. No. 203,
Satya Classic, Tarnaka,
Secunderabad-500017
Cell. No. 9985732397
Landline. No. 040-27000719     

THE NAME OF SULTAN BAZAAR IN HYDERABAD.

The area near the British residency was called "Residency Bazaar" but after 1933, the land was returned to Nizam VII, who named it Sultan Bazaar. Nizam V donated some land to the grain merchants to store and sell their grains.

QUOTATIONS

1. The best protection is an unshakeable faith in the Divine Grace.
2. Devotion to duty is not a sacrifice. It is a justification to your existence in this world.
3. You cannot stop the birds of trouble from flying over your head, but you can prevent them from making nests in your hair.
4. A friend in the market is better than money in the chest.
5. Never mind failures. Rise with fresh vigour. Everything is conquered by the giant force of will.
6. To see what is right and not to do it is want of courage.
7. The moral life of man is like the flight of a bird in the air. He is sustained only by effort, and when he ceases to exert himself he falls.
8. To be trusted is a greater compliment than to be loved.
9. The seekers or keepers of wealth are more often possessed rather than its possessors.
10. There is a great beauty in simplicity. 
11. The highest virtue is to battle against inequity, no matter what the cost may be.
12. Wealth should be used for charitable purposes, scholastic attainments and knowledge to serve humanity and undertake pious works, power of speech to help others in their advancement and intellect for the realisation of God.
13.  God pervades the entire universe and is a witness to all our actions and hence a wrong done in secret does not enjoy immunity.
14. The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly;  it is dearness that gives everything its value.
15. Gentleness brings victory to him who attacks and victory to him who defends. Those whom Heaven would save, it fences around with gentleness.
16. Equality is not a law of nature. Nature has made no two things equal; its sovereign law is subordination and dependence.
17. Law is not law if it violates the principles of eternal justice.
18. It is a thousand times better to have common sense without education than to have education without common sense.  
19. No people is wholly civilised where a distinction is dream between stealing an office and stealing a purse.
20. Better to do right from wrong motives than wrong from right motives. Whether you lose your own soul is not significant, but how your acts affect others is of vital importance. 
21. Be not ashamed to say what you are not ashamed to think.
22. In this world, there is always danger for those who is afraid of it.
23. The feeling that you have done a job well is rewarding; the feeling that you have done it perfectly is fatal.
24. Worry often gives a small thing a big shadow.
25. Many people confuse faulty planning and bad management with hard luck.
26. Between elections the politician is in a quandary: what will he promise the next time if he does everything he promised the last time.
27. whatever crushes indiviuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called.
28. Among the rules governing the law of righteousness, prime importance is given to speaking the truth under all circumstances. Telling lies will compel persons to continue the habit forever, but those who stick to truth can always be consistent.
29. The earth provides enough to saisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed.
30. Keep in mind that even if you are on the right track, you will get run over if you just sit there.
31. Men become bad and guilty because they speak and act without foreseeing the results of their words and actions.
32. Much of what we mistakenly call 'progress' is merely the substitution of a complicated nuisance for a simple nuisance.
33. All progress and growth is a matter of change must be growth within our social and government concepts if it should not destroy them.
34. Idleness is the nest in which mischief lays its eggs.
35. Every individual has a place to fill in the world, and is important in some respect, whether he chooses to be so or not.
36. One of the principal requirements for a successful life is the ability to make the right decisions.
37. Who allows oppression shares the crime.
38. To have what we want is riches; but to be able to do without riches is power.
39. One may know how to gain a victory, and know not how to use it.
40. The true standard of quality is sealed in the mind; those who think nobly are noble.  
41. Success includes concentration and perseverance.
42. Instruction ends with the school, but education ends only with life.
43. Every man must do his growing, no matter how tall his grand-father was.
44. Desire is the very essence of human progress. 
45. It is long and hard and painful to create life; it is short and easy to steal the life others have made.
46. Wealth is like a sea water; the more we drink, the thirstier we become; and the same is true fame.
47. A deaf government and dumb people do not make a statutory entity. A knitting together of people's hearts makes democracy, the hearts being not of sheep but of men.
48. Scientific and technical developments have brought the various parts  of the world closer, but have caused human minds to drift further apart.
49. Life is a long lesson in humility.
50. Doing easily what others find difficult is talent; doing what is impossible for talent is genius.
51. Two things indicate weakness-to be silent when it is proper to speak and to speak when it is proper to be silent.
52. Don't open a shop unless you like to smile.
53. It is too late to dig a well when the house is on fire.
54. If you are positive and sweet you will not have any fear.
55. He who is never sattisfied can give no satisfaction to others.
56. All knowledge must stand on perception of certain facts, and upon that we have to build our reasoning.
57. Do not try to be great. Try to be good, for being good is great.
58. You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty.
59. All political parties die at last by swallowing their own lies.
60. We cannot all be great, but we can attach ourselves to sometthing that is great.  
61. He that falls in love with himself will have no rivals.
62. Fear is a sign of weakness. A man must go about his duties without taking notice of the sneers and the ridicules of the world.
63. Spiritual knowledge is the only thing that can destroy our miseries forever; any other knowledge satisfies wants only for a time.
64. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquerable.
65. An obstinate man does not hold opinions--they hold him.
66. Money is the root cause of all evils.
67. Ours is a world where people don't know what they want and are willing to go through hell to get it.
68. It is not the load that breaks you down. It is the way you carry it.
69. If God had intended that man should go backward, He would have given him eyes in the back of his head.
70. Never speak ill of others but indulge in no untruth.
71. Not failure but low aim is crime.
72. The cynic is one who never sees a good quality in a man and never fails to see a bad one. He is the human owl, vigilant in darkness and blind to light, mousing for vermin, and never seeing noble game. The cynic puts all human actions into 2 classes--openly bad and secretly bad.
73. The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page.
74. There are 2 ways of spreading light : to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it.
75. Don't complain that the rose bush bears thorns. Rejoice that the thorn bush bears roses.   
76. An "Appeaser" is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.
77. We must not serve distant neighbours at the expense of the nearest.
78. Life is a tree giving shade to those who are in agony.
79. Life is a bird sitting on a tree in the great orchard.
80. For anything worth having one must pay the price; and the price is always work, patience, love and self-sacrifice.
81. He who will not economise will have to agonise.
82. Actions will be judged by intentions.
83. Truth is the object of philosophy but not always of the philosophers.
84. Of all the possessions of this life, fame is the noblest; when the body has sunk into the dust, the great name still lives.
85. Chance favours the prepared mind.
86. No man can be a pure specialist without being in the strict sense an idiot.
87. They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts.
88. The wind and the waves are always on the side of the ablest navigators.
89. Famous remarks are seldom quoted correctly.
90. Democracy must mean the art and science of mobilising the entire physical, economic and spiritual resources of all the various sections of the people in the service of the common good of all. 
91. Far more indispensable than food for the physical body is spiritual nourishment for the soul. One can do without food for a considerable time, but a man of the spirit cannot exist for a single second without spiritual nourishment.
92. A true friend dissuades you from sin, urges you to good action, keeps your secrets, proclaims your merits, does not forsake you in distress and helps you in time of need.
93. I never wonder to see men wicked, but I often wonder to see them not ashamed.
94. Rules make the learners path long, examples make it short and successful.
95. Violent delights have violent ends.
96. Short as life is, we make it still shorter by the careless waste of time.
97. Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.
98. Jealousy must be avoided, for that is the seed of calamities.
99. The two most engaging powers of an author, are, to make new things familiar, and familiar things, new.
100. We have too many people who live without working, and we have alogether too many who work without living.  
101. Man's value is in the few things he creates, and not in the many things he amasses.
102. Right thinking is the first condition to make on earth smooth and profitable.
103. You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty.
104. It is long and hard and painful to create life; it is short and easy to steal the life others have made.
105. Wealth is like a sea water; the more we drink, the thirstier we become; and the same is truth of fame.
106. A deaf government and dumb people do not make democracy. Democracy is not just a statutory entity. A knitting together of people's hearts makes democracy, the hearts being not of sheep but of men.
107. Scientific and technical developments have brought the various parts of the world closer, but have caused human minds to drift further apart.
108. Life is a long lesson in humility.